Subtitle
Terjemahan
In many ways, the automobile has been one of the most important inventions of the modern age.
People have been able to travel much more freely, and across much greater distances, than was possible in the past.
The automobile, which most people refer to as the “car,” has also had some harmful consequences, such as pollution and accidents.
However, it is clear that life has changed profoundly as a result of the car.
Modern cars are very complicated, but the basic idea of how a car works can be described briefly.
When the keys are turned in the ignition of the car, this creates a spark that ignites some gasoline vapour inside a cylinder.
Then, the rapid expansion of this vapour pushes against a part called a piston.
The movement of the piston then causes a turning motion in a shaft that is connected to the wheels.
The wheels turn, and the car moves.
The invention of the car, and the engines used by cars, happened gradually in the late nineteenth century, mainly in France and Germany.
In the early twentieth century, an American engineer named Henry Ford developed a new way of making cars.
Instead of having one worker produce an entire car, he had each worker perform one part of the production of many different cars.
This system was very efficient and allowed the mass production of cars.
The first car to be produced in large numbers was called the “Model T.”
The Model T Ford and other cars that were soon produced in large numbers were cheap enough that many people could afford to buy them.
Many new roads were built and paved throughout North America to allow cars to be driven from town to town.
People were able to travel much more easily and to visit places that had previously been difficult to reach.
Some problems also came with the widespread use of cars.
One of these problems was air pollution, because car engines burn gasoline, which produces poisonous exhaust fumes.
Gradually, new laws and new technology have led to reductions in the air pollution that is caused by cars.
Moreover, cars today are much more “fuel efficient” than they were in the past, requiring less gasoline to travel a given distance.
However, this pollution is still a problem because of the many millions of cars that are used each day.
Another problem has been car accidents, which have caused many thousands of deaths each year.
During the 1960s, some journalists brought attention to the unsafe features of many cars.
As a result, the safety of cars has been greatly improved.
In addition, the use of seat belts is now required by law.
However, car accidents continue to be a serious problem.
The future is likely to bring many interesting new changes to the car.
Improvements in the safety of cars, in fuel efficiency, and in the cleanliness of car emissions are continuing to be made.
Also, the increasing use of the car in economically developing countries will probably have important effects upon people’s lives around the world.
Dalam banyak hal, mobil telah menjadi salah satu penemuan terpenting di zaman modern. Orang-orang dapat bepergian jauh lebih bebas, dan melintasi jarak yang jauh lebih besar, daripada yang mungkin dilakukan di masa lalu. Mobil, yang oleh kebanyakan orang disebut sebagai "mobil", juga memiliki beberapa konsekuensi berbahaya, seperti polusi dan kecelakaan. Namun, jelas bahwa kehidupan telah berubah secara mendalam sebagai akibat dari mobil. Mobil modern sangat rumit, tetapi gagasan dasar tentang cara kerja mobil dapat dijelaskan secara singkat. Ketika kunci diputar di kontak mobil, ini menciptakan percikan yang menyulut uap bensin di dalam silinder. Kemudian, ekspansi cepat uap ini mendorong bagian yang disebut piston. Gerakan piston kemudian menyebabkan gerakan berputar pada poros yang terhubung ke roda. Roda berputar, dan mobil bergerak. Penemuan mobil, dan mesin yang digunakan oleh mobil, terjadi secara bertahap pada akhir abad kesembilan belas, terutama di Prancis dan Jerman. Pada awal abad kedua puluh, seorang insinyur Amerika bernama Henry Ford mengembangkan cara baru membuat mobil. Alih-alih satu pekerja memproduksi seluruh mobil, ia meminta setiap pekerja melakukan satu bagian dari produksi banyak mobil yang berbeda. Sistem ini sangat efisien dan memungkinkan produksi massal mobil. Mobil pertama yang diproduksi dalam jumlah besar disebut "Model T." Model T Ford dan mobil lain yang segera diproduksi dalam jumlah besar cukup murah sehingga banyak orang mampu membelinya. Banyak jalan baru dibangun dan diaspal di seluruh Amerika Utara untuk memungkinkan mobil dikendarai dari kota ke kota. Orang-orang dapat bepergian jauh lebih mudah dan mengunjungi tempat-tempat yang sebelumnya sulit dijangkau. Beberapa masalah juga muncul dengan penggunaan mobil secara luas. Salah satu masalah ini adalah polusi udara, karena mesin mobil membakar bensin, yang menghasilkan asap knalpot beracun. Secara bertahap, undang-undang baru dan teknologi baru telah menyebabkan pengurangan polusi udara yang disebabkan oleh mobil. Selain itu, mobil saat ini jauh lebih "hemat bahan bakar" daripada di masa lalu, membutuhkan lebih sedikit bensin untuk menempuh jarak tertentu. Namun, polusi ini masih menjadi masalah karena jutaan mobil digunakan setiap hari. Masalah lain adalah kecelakaan mobil, yang telah menyebabkan ribuan kematian setiap tahun. Selama tahun 1960-an, beberapa jurnalis menarik perhatian pada fitur tidak aman dari banyak mobil. Akibatnya, keselamatan mobil telah ditingkatkan secara signifikan. Selain itu, penggunaan sabuk pengaman sekarang diwajibkan oleh hukum. Namun, kecelakaan mobil terus menjadi masalah serius. Masa depan kemungkinan akan membawa banyak perubahan baru yang menarik pada mobil. Peningkatan dalam keselamatan mobil, dalam efisiensi bahan bakar, dan dalam kebersihan emisi mobil terus dilakukan. Juga, meningkatnya penggunaan mobil di negara-negara berkembang secara ekonomi mungkin akan memiliki efek penting pada kehidupan orang-orang di seluruh dunia.